Dari Penjumlahan Sudut Cosinus
Misal θ = 2 α \theta = 2\alpha θ = 2 α maka α = 1 2 θ \alpha = \frac{1}{2}\theta α = 2 1 θ . Berlaku
cos ( 2 α ) = 2 cos 2 ( α ) − 1 cos ( θ ) = 2 cos 2 ( 1 2 θ ) − 1 1 + cos ( θ ) = 2 cos 2 ( 1 2 θ ) 1 + cos ( θ ) 2 = cos 2 ( 1 2 θ ) cos ( 1 2 θ ) = 1 + cos ( θ ) 2 \begin{align*}
\cos(2\alpha) & =2\cos^{2}(\alpha)-1\\
\cos(\theta) & =2\cos^{2}(\frac{1}{2}\theta)-1\\
1+\cos(\theta) & =2\cos^{2}(\frac{1}{2}\theta)\\
\frac{1+\cos(\theta)}{2} & =\cos^{2}(\frac{1}{2}\theta)\\
\cos(\frac{1}{2}\theta) & =\sqrt{\frac{1+\cos(\theta)}{2}}
\end{align*}
cos ( 2 α ) cos ( θ ) 1 + cos ( θ ) 2 1 + cos ( θ ) cos ( 2 1 θ ) = 2 cos 2 ( α ) − 1 = 2 cos 2 ( 2 1 θ ) − 1 = 2 cos 2 ( 2 1 θ ) = cos 2 ( 2 1 θ ) = 2 1 + cos ( θ )
Berlaku juga:
cos ( 2 α ) = 1 − 2 sin 2 ( θ ) cos ( θ ) = 1 − 2 sin 2 ( 1 2 θ ) cos ( θ ) − 1 = − 2 sin 2 ( 1 2 θ ) − cos ( θ ) + 1 = 2 sin 2 ( 1 2 θ ) − cos ( θ ) + 1 2 = sin ( 1 2 θ ) sin ( 1 2 θ ) = 1 − cos ( θ ) 2 \begin{align*}
\cos(2\alpha) & =1-2\sin^{2}(\theta)\\
\cos(\theta) & =1-2\sin^{2}(\frac{1}{2}\theta)\\
\cos(\theta)-1 & =-2\sin^{2}(\frac{1}{2}\theta)\\
-\cos(\theta)+1 & =2\sin^{2}(\frac{1}{2}\theta)\\
\frac{-\cos(\theta)+1}{2} & =\sin(\frac{1}{2}\theta)\\
\sin(\frac{1}{2}\theta) & =\sqrt{\frac{1-\cos(\theta)}{2}}
\end{align*}
cos ( 2 α ) cos ( θ ) cos ( θ ) − 1 − cos ( θ ) + 1 2 − cos ( θ ) + 1 sin ( 2 1 θ ) = 1 − 2 sin 2 ( θ ) = 1 − 2 sin 2 ( 2 1 θ ) = − 2 sin 2 ( 2 1 θ ) = 2 sin 2 ( 2 1 θ ) = sin ( 2 1 θ ) = 2 1 − cos ( θ )
Maka berlaku:
tan ( 1 2 θ ) = sin ( 1 2 θ ) cos ( 1 2 θ ) = ( 1 − cos ( θ ) 2 ) ( 1 + cos ( θ ) 2 ) = 1 − cos ( θ ) 1 + cos ( θ ) = 1 − cos ( θ ) 1 + cos ( θ ) \begin{align*}
\tan(\frac{1}{2}\theta) & =\frac{\sin(\frac{1}{2}\theta)}{\cos(\frac{1}{2}\theta)}\\
& =\frac{\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{1-\cos(\theta)}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)}{\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{1+\cos(\theta)}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)}\\
& =\frac{\sqrt{1-\cos(\theta)}}{\sqrt{1+\cos(\theta)}}\\
& =\sqrt{\frac{1-\cos(\theta)}{1+\cos(\theta)}}
\end{align*}
tan ( 2 1 θ ) = cos ( 2 1 θ ) sin ( 2 1 θ ) = ( 2 1 + cos ( θ ) ) ( 2 1 − cos ( θ ) ) = 1 + cos ( θ ) 1 − cos ( θ ) = 1 + cos ( θ ) 1 − cos ( θ )
Karena x 2 x^2 x 2 dan ( − x ) 2 (-x)^2 ( − x ) 2 menghasilkan nilai sama. Maka akar dari suatu bilangan bisa menghasilkan
bilangan + dan bilangan -. Dibutuhkan ± \pm ± pada 3 persamaan di atas dan + atau - ditentukan oleh
letak kuadran 1 2 θ \frac{1}{2}\theta 2 1 θ . Seperti fungsi sin/cos biasa yang tanda ± \pm ± ditentukan oleh
letak kuadran sudut.
Kesimpulan
Untuk θ \theta θ sebuah sudut apapun
sin ( 1 2 θ ) = 1 − cos ( θ ) 2 cos ( 1 2 θ ) = 1 + cos ( θ ) 2 tan ( 1 2 θ ) = 1 − cos ( θ ) 1 + cos ( θ ) \begin{align*}
\sin(\frac{1}{2}\theta) &=\sqrt{\dfrac{1-\cos(\theta)}{2}}\\
\cos(\frac{1}{2}\theta) &=\sqrt{\dfrac{1+\cos(\theta)}{2}}\\
\tan(\frac{1}{2}\theta) &=\sqrt{\dfrac{1-\cos(\theta)}{1+\cos(\theta)}}
\end{align*}
sin ( 2 1 θ ) cos ( 2 1 θ ) tan ( 2 1 θ ) = 2 1 − cos ( θ ) = 2 1 + cos ( θ ) = 1 + cos ( θ ) 1 − cos ( θ )